MTOR and multiple sclerosis: To see if there was evidence of mTOR activation in inflammatory reactive astrocytes more broadly across different contexts, models, and species, we extracted differentially expressed genes in astrocytes from a variety of published rodent and human transcriptomic datasets and found broad enrichment for mTOR pathway-associated genes among upregulated genes (Supplementary Fig. 2), including in a recently published dataset demonstrating a role for astrocyte mTOR activation in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) [43], a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.