TLR4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: On one hand, hypoxic HCC cells can activate caspase-1 via the TLR4 and receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) signaling pathways due to high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) induction, promoting invasion and metastasis through the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β and IL-18 [39].