These patients had definite autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) or paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) and were positive for the following neuronal Abs: Hu (n = 2), Ri (n = 1), AK5 (n = 1), NMDAR (n = 1), and anti-PCA-Tr (n = 1) (Figure 1, middle part). This evidence concerns the gene AK5 and autoimmune encephalitis.