For example, in the immortalized rat beta-cell line, INS1-E, stimulation with the mitochondrial proton gradient uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), results in decreased ATP production and impaired insulin secretion (2).These results are physiologically relevant, as mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of beta-cell failure in models of both Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) (3–6). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.