Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that OTUB1 is involved in various important signaling pathways, such as transcriptional regulation, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, cancer-related pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, TNF pathway, Hippo signaling pathway and so on (Fig. S3D). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.