Tumour mutations in RTK–RAS, PI3K, p53 and TGFβ pathway genes EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA, CDKN2A, TGFBR1 and ACVR2A were associated with increased gene expression, while mutations in APC, PTEN and TP53 all had decreased expression in nHM and HM tumours (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 24). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.