In the TGFβ pathway, co-occurring mutations were found in SMAD2 and SMAD3 (FDR-adjusted P = 1.03 × 10−10) in nHM tumours, whereas TGIF1 co-occurred with PIK3CA (FDR-adjusted P = 0.09) in the HM cases. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.