As S100A8/A9 alarmins are also released upon NET-formation [17], and activate neutrophil TLR4, whose activation increases DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils [9], increased S100A8/A9 and increased DEspR+neutrophils in RA comprise a putative self-sustaining cycle of reciprocal interactions. Here, TLR4 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.