Moreover, ARHGAP31 is not previously associated with pancreatic cancer, but has well-studied roles in actin modulation, since ARHGAP31 is the human orthologue for the mouse protein CdGAP (mCdc42 GTPase-activating protein) and ARHGAP31 inactivates the GTPases CDC42 and RAC1 (Lamarche-Vane and Hall, 1998; Tcherkezian et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene RAC1 and pancreatic neoplasm.