MTOR and cancer: As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutics specifically targeting diverse cancer forms is imperative.190 Since various signal transduction pathways regulate cell growth, abnormal activation or suppression of these pathways drives tumorigenesis.121 One of the principal pathways is the PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling that linked to drug resistance and the malignant tumor process in solid cancer patients.191 It is vital to use cell signaling molecules to recognize cancer cells to inhibit the expansion and proliferation of cancer cells.