These exosomes have shown promise in preventing neuronal death both in vitro and in vivo, alleviating Alzheimer’s disease symptoms by inhibiting tau protein phosphorylation through the activation of the AKT/GSK-3β pathway.354 The second treatment avenue involves investigating therapies using exosomes sourced from stem cells, such as exosomes released by human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Here, MAPT is linked to Alzheimer disease.