TNF and cancer: The efficacy of the ACT in treating cancers depends on the engineered cell production of a wide variety of cytokines, including interleukin-IL-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, TGF-β, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), IL-8, and IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, etc. [2].