TNF and breast angiosarcoma: Viruses may provoke an immune response by directly harming bile duct epithelial cells or indirectly by stimulating bile ducts and the liver, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines(CX3CR1), which are thought to contribute to the development of BA (Bezerra et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020b).