HP and anemia (phenotype): The term “biomarker” in this context refers to a measurable biological substance indicating a pathogenic process associated with SCD, by example: markers of anemia (e.g., hemoglobin), hemoloysis (e.g., reticulocyte count, haptoglobin, lactase dehydrogenase), hemoglobin S polymerization (e.g., fetal hemoglobin levels), and inflammation (e.g., C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate).15