Furthermore, altered HIF1a signaling can be another reprogramming mechanism, as hypoxia and anaerobic glycolysis induce TRMs to release growth factors and inflammatory cytokines like TGFß, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL-8 to promote tumor growth and plasticity, tumor cell adherence, angiogenesis, and metastasis (9, 47–51). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.