TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In RA synovial tissue, platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and pro-inflammatory mediators can transform resting FLS cells into an aggressive phenotype associated with glycolysis (RAFLS), known as the “Warburg effect” (Biniecka et al., 2016; Garcia-Carbonell et al., 2016; Masoumi et al., 2020).