IL1B and atrial fibrillation: M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) to induce cardiac electrical remodeling, in which IL-1β has been shown to reduce the expression of atrial tremor protein (QKI) and further attenuate L-type Ca2+ current in cardiocytes to inhibit atrial fibrillation (Tili et al., 2015; Fei et al., 2019).