GDF15 and metastatic neoplasm: As resistance to chemotherapy is commonly observed in patients with metastatic disease, we developed two oxaliplatin-resistant lines, finding that they also lost oxaliplatin-induced TXNIP/GDF15 responsiveness (Fig. 6F,G; Appendix Fig. S7A–C), with GDF15/TXNIP ratios strongly resembling those of the cell lines derived from different sites (Fig. 6H).