QD-Apt association have demonstrated significant potential in directly detecting various cancers including prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancers, as well as detecting bio-markers involved in these tumorigenesis such as mucin 1, prostate-specific antigen, Tenascin-C, nucleolin, growth factors, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and exosomes. Here, KLK3 is linked to lung carcinoma.