To investigate whether the differential proportion of amyloid plaques and decreased NP-tau accumulation found in AsymAD versus AD brains correlate with the dysregulation of plaque-associated microglial and astrocytic responses, we performed immunofluorescence analysis with anti-IBA1 and anti-GFAP to visualize activated microglia and astrocytes associated with Aβ plaques, respectively (Fig. 3a, d). Here, AIF1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.