TNF and Parkinson disease: There is also some evidence for a decrease in inflammatory cytokines, such as serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and basal serum soluble vascular adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) in response to moderate-intensity interval training in PD, suggesting that reduced inflammation may contribute to increased neuroplasticity observed with physical training (Zoladz et al. 2014).