In cardiac applications, myocardial MSCs injected with a hVEGF165 plasmid have shown improved cardiac function, possibly through the down‐regulation of myocardial TGF‐β1 expression and a reduction in the type I/III collagen ratio in a dilated cardiomyopathy rat model.24 Here, TGFB1 is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy.