LPS entering the brain then bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptors on microglia, initiating the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway via MyD88, leading to the secretion of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Wang et al., 2023), resulting in more intense neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Here, TLR4 is linked to Cognitive impairment.