NFKB1 and Cognitive impairment: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can act on TLR4 receptors in microglia to trigger the innate immune system, modulate the transcriptional regulation of NF-κB, and promote the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Muhammad et al., 2019; Qu et al., 2021), resulting in hippocampal neurological damage and loss, as well as cognitive impairment in animal models.