PIK3C3 and osteosarcoma: In osteosarcoma, TRIM28 promotes the SUMOylation modification of VPS34 by forming a complex with PVT-1 (Plasmacytoma variant translocation-1), further enhancing the ubiquitination and degradation of TSC2, thereby enhancing the self-renewal and stem cell phenotype of osteosarcoma cells (Tsang et al., 2022).