In addition to the preclinical studies mentioned in Section 4 (Figs. 4, 5, and 6; also can be seen in Table 3), several clinical studies of nanomedicine in cancer immunotherapy, such as the Lipid NP-mediated mRNA-4157 vaccine, the Lipid NP-mediated V941 drug, and MSLN-CAR T cells that secrete PD-1/CTLA-4 nanoantibodies, have been conducted, with some studies achieving good results. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.