The addition of rupatadine intensifies apoptosis in all DLBCL cell groups and enhances the activity of CASP3/7 in all treated cells, with the sh-OTUD group exhibiting the most pronounced effects and the OE-OTUD3 group showing the least (Figs. 2F–H, S3J–M, S4A–D). Here, OTUD3 is linked to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.