Notably, TMSB4X, RPLP1, and RPS6 are found to be highly expressed in both C1QB+ macrophages and TMSB4X+ macrophages from Crohn’s disease patients, while CCL3, CCL4 and CCL3L3 are highly expressed in both IL-1B+ macrophages and HSPA1B+ macrophages, showing a similar convergence in biological characteristics and functions between these two subpopulations (Fig. 2b). Here, C1QB is linked to Crohn disease.