Especially, several drugs prescribed in primary care settings, such as antihypertensive drugs, including renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, gastrointestinal drugs, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are commonly prescribed in primary care settings and are likely to be associated with the incidence of CA-AKI12–20. Here, REN is linked to cancer.