TNF and cyst: This is supported by the study by Carmen-Orozco et al. [53] which found that most of the pro-inflammatory-associated cytokines examined (IFN-γ, TNF-α, CSF-1, CSF-2, IL-1β, IL-1α) were increased in the area surrounding the viable cyst when compared to the non-infected tissue; however, the study did not find any significant changes in cytokine levels in brain tissue far from the cyst.