Patients in the HAIC group exhibited a higher incidence of elevated ALT (RR=1.29, 95% CI=1.03–1.60), whereas patients receiving Sorafenib monotherapy reported elevated risks for skin complications (RR=0.03, 95% CI=0.01–0.08), diarrhoea (RR=0.37, 95% CI=0.22–0.64), ascites (RR=0.62, 95% CI=0.45–0.85), hepatic encephalopathy (RR=0.31, 95% CI=0.11–0.85), and total serum bilirubin elevation (RR=0.65, 95% CI=0.43–0.97). Here, GPT is linked to Ascites.