Meanwhile, larger tumour size (HR=1.86, 95% CI [1.12–3.1, 95%), heavier tumour burden (HR=2.32, 95% CI [1.33–4.02), existence of MVI or EHS (HR=1.65, 95% CI [1.36–2]; HR=1.60, 95% CI [1.19–2.14]), and AFP >400 ng/ml (HR=1.52, 95% CI [1.20–1.92]) were identified as independent risk factors for OS, while HAIC treatment (HR=0.54, 95% CI [0.35–0.82]) and lower BCLC stage (HR=0.44, 95% CI [0.28–0.69]) were potential protective factors for HCC patients. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.