Bidirectional crosstalk between tumor cells and CAFs enhances the ability of fibroblasts to secrete various pro-tumor chemokines, including CXCL12/CXCR4 axis (Mishra et al., 2011), CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CXCL8, and CXCL14 (Toledo et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and neoplasm.