The major strength of this review is that we focused on the predictive value of blood-based protein biomarkers for the diagnosis of AIS across a variety of pathologic mechanisms including neurovascular inflammation (MMP-9, TNF-alpha), endothelial integrity (VCAM-1, ICAM-1), cell migration (E-Selectin, P-Selectin, L-Selectin), and glial and astrocytic neuronal biomarker (NSE, GFAP, S100, S100B), and cardiac dysfunction (BNP, NT-proBNP). Here, TNF is linked to androgen insensitivity syndrome.