TNF and Stroke: Nonetheless, to the authors’ knowledge, this represents the most comprehensive systematic review of blood-based protein biomarkers for stroke: MMP-9, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-Selectin, P-Selectin, L-Selectin, NSE, GFAP, S100, S100B, BNP, and NT-proBNP.