HAVCR2 and parasitic infectious disease: While there is limited research on the role of Galectin-9 in teleost fish following parasitic infections, studies have found that in mice, the expression of Tim-3/Galectin-9 is upregulated following malaria-induced acute lung injury, where Gal-9 plays a crucial immunoregulatory role by inducing apoptosis or inhibiting effector functions through binding to its receptor Tim-3 (36).