REN and systemic lupus erythematosus: LR, the second most common ocular manifestation of SLE, is frequently associated with visual loss (8–11).The primary mechanisms contributing to SLE retinopathy include immune-complex-mediated microangiopathic vasculopathy, micro-thrombosis associated with endothelitis due to complement system activation or the presence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies, and secondary hypertension resulting from kidney involvement and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) (22).