PDCD1 and interstitial lung disease: For example, a meta-analysis of 12876 patients with solid tumors across 23 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found that those receiving the PD-1 inhibitors nivolumab or pembrolizumab were associated with a significantly increased risk of developing any-grade and Grade ≥ 3 ILD compared with those receiving chemotherapy (risk ratio 5.17 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.82, 9.47], p < 0.001, and 4.14 [95% CI 1.82, 9.42], p < 0.001, respectively) [31].