At 27 days post injection, tumor formation was observed in four out of five mice in all groups, except for 1196PT TRAF3 KO, and the average volumes of tumors were 582.6 ± 223.6 mm3, 766.9 ± 145.1 mm3, 998.9 ± 235.1 mm3, and 1101.3 ± 127.8 mm3 in 1196C, 1196PT, 1196C TRAF3 KO, and 1196PT TRAF3 KO mice, respectively (Fig. 3e). Here, TRAF3 is linked to neoplasm.