CD4 and cancer: To avoid immune surveillance, cancer cells may suppress DCs through multiple mechanisms, including the secretion of immunosuppressive TGF-β.148 In CRC, myeloid DCs, the most common DC subtype associated with cell-mediated immunity and stimulation of naïve CD4+ T cells to the TH1 phenotype, are found in increased frequency at the tumor invasive front and are associated with lymph node invasion.149 In contrast, Gulubova et al.150 noted that advanced-stage CRC tumors had a lower density of CD83+ DCs in the stroma and invasive margin.