Moreover, Metastases exhibit more gene copy number amplification and chromosomal abnormalities in certain cancers compared to primary tumors, e.g., colon cancer metastasis is accompanied by progressive copy number deletion of the oncogene PTEN and progressive copy number amplification of the oncogene MYC. 30 Fig. 2 lists important mutation-driving genes for some common types of cancer. Here, PTEN is linked to cancer.