These include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) blocking PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 targets, therapeutic vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV) to induce anti-tumor immune responses in HPV-positive tumors, adoptive immunotherapy containing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) therapy, T cell receptor (TCR) therapy, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.