MMP9 and temporal arteritis: In this regard, soluble CD163, YKL-40, angiopoietin-2, IL-33, VEGF, MMP-9, calprotectin and osteopontin were increased in the serum of GCA patients (van Sleen et al., 2019) and high levels of angiopoietin-2, ESR together with low levels of MMP-3 at baseline correlated with the finding of vasculitis in patients with concomitant PMR (Fukui et al., 2016; van Sleen et al., 2020).