TNF and temporal arteritis: However NETosis inducing cytokines, specifically IL-1β, are highly hyper-expressed in GCA inflamed arteries and in vitro essays have demonstrated that IL-1β induces NET production as well as IL-8 and TNF-α can activate the pathway driven by NAPDH oxidase with consequent release of ROS and NET formation (Keshari et al., 2012; Lihui et al., 2020).