HNRNPDL and infection: Conversely, expression of a given hnRNP could be either increase or decrease depending on the nature of the virus as shown for hnRNP A1 that is upregulated during influenza A virus (IAV), HIV-1 (Monette et al., 2009), and HPV16 (Cheunim et al., 2008) infections, and downregulated during infections with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus or snakehead vesiculovirus (Li et al., 2018; Kaur et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2023).