CCL5 has also been found to induce the expression of MMP-9 via monocytes, and is well-associated with a variety of cancers, mainly assisting in increasing MMP secretion to promote tumor invasion and dissemination (Aldinucci et al., 2020), as well as being correlated with astrocytic activation in a KA mouse model of epilepsy (Zhang et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and epilepsy.