Activation of TGF-β signaling is associated with epilepsy (Mercado-Gómez et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2017; Webster et al., 2017), particularly when triggered by expression of extravascular albumin, i.e., in event of blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage (Ivens et al., 2007; Webster et al., 2017). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is epilepsy.