These astrocyte-mediated toxic effects were not only apparent in SOD1-ALS, but were also documented in cocultures between astrocytes generated from sALS post-mortem tissue and wild type m- or hESC-derived motor neurons as well as through sALS astrocyte conditioned media (Haidet-Phillips et al., 2011; Re et al., 2014). Here, SOD1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.