Ectosomes PKM2 were also found to promote HCC development by affecting metabolic reprogramming of monocytes in the TME, promoting STAT3 phosphorylation in the nucleus, inducing macrophage differentiation, and secreting the related chemokines CCL1 and CCR8 (Hou et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene CCL1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.