TNF and neoplasm: The first phase is the proliferation of immature myeloid cells (IMCs) with inhibited differentiation function in the bone marrow, mainly mediated by tumor-derived cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-11, IL-17A, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and TNFα.