TP53 and neoplasm: Previous studies also suggest an association between ATF3 and p53 regarding the involvement of ATF3 in the regulation of tumor suppressor activities; however, they argue that the elevation of p53 level does not occur through ATF3’s transcriptional activity, but rather through the direct interaction of ATF3 with p53 protein, resulting in the stabilization of p53 and maintenance of its tumor suppressor activity [31, 33].