HMGA2 and benign neoplasm: Dysregulation of HMGA2 expression has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including:Benign tumors [49, 50]: HMGA2 overexpression is frequently observed in benign tumors such as lipomas [15, 31, 46, 51, 52], fibroadenomas [53], salivary gland adenomas [54], hamartomas [55], and pituitary adenomas [56, 57].