We demonstrated the downregulation of these proteins in the prediabetes group participating in our study, which is consistent with the studies performed by Zhao M et al. They observed that reduced expression of hnRNP A1 in skeletal muscle affects metabolic properties and systemic insulin sensitivity by inhibiting glycogen synthesis, further supporting the crucial role of hnRNPs in maintaining metabolic homeostasis48. This evidence concerns the gene INS and prediabetes syndrome.