TNF and COVID-19: In line with previous studies29,30, type I, II and III IFNs as well as several inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, interferon-gamma induced protein (IP)-10/CXCL10, C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, and IL-10 were increased in early plasma samples of COVID-19 patients when compared to uninfected controls (Fig. 3a–h).