INS and Insulin resistance: Also, there was a significant inverse association between insulin or insulin resistance and total hippocampal volume of non-diabetic FEPs at the follow-up (insulin: t = −2.43, beta = −21.31, 95% CI [−39.6, −3.0], p = 0.024; insulin resistance: t = −2.46, beta = −175.53, 95% CI [−323.8, −27.3], p = 0.023) (Supplementary fig.