The canonical TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway is also involved in programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1)‐induced primary resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) in EGFR‐mutant NSCLC [199]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.