CXCL12 and glioblastoma: For instance, SDF-1/CXCR4 modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of sacral chondrosarcoma, glioblastoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma SDF-1/CXCR-4 signal transduction also regulates actin polymerization, vascular endothelial cell adhesion and migration to BM-MSCs (Gao et al., 2021; Jia et al., 2023).