TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines leading to vascular damage, endothelial dysfunction resulting in hypertension and cardiovascular disease (Ertuglu et al., 2022; Pitzer et al., 2022; Masenga et al., 2023).