TNF and endothelial dysfunction: In vitro experiments demonstrated that infected T-cells induce expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and through IFN-γ enhance the adhesion of infected T-cells to endothelial cells activating them while viral replication in infected endothelial cells is enhanced by TNF-α and IL-1, events that all lead to endothelial dysfunction (Conaldi et al., 1995; Dianzani et al., 1996).